EMDR Therapy for Anxiety: Your Complete Guide

Key Highlights

• EMDR therapy is an innovative approach that effectively reduces distress caused by traumatic events.
• By targeting and working through traumatic memories, EMDR therapy promotes adaptive resolutions.
• EMDR therapy methodology involves the nervous system, negative beliefs, and emotional responses.
• This therapy is versatile, being able to address various conditions such as trauma, chronic pain, PTSD, and addiction.
• EMDR therapy distinguishes itself from conventional anxiety treatments by offering a more efficient method to tackle root causes.
• The stages of EMDR therapy for anxiety encompass history gathering, readiness, evaluation, desensitization, integration, body assessment, conclusion, and reassessment.

Introduction

If you are currently dealing with anxiety and are in need of an effective treatment option, EMDR therapy may be the solution you are looking for. This article will explore the key aspects of EMDR therapy, including its scientific foundation, applications, differences from traditional anxiety treatments, the stages involved in EMDR therapy, the significance of bilateral stimulation, an overview of EMDR therapy sessions, the efficacy of EMDR therapy in treating anxiety, and preparations for undergoing EMDR therapy.

Anxiety can have a profound impact, impairing all facets of your life. It has the ability to impede your ability to derive pleasure from daily tasks, obstruct your interpersonal connections, and restrict your capacity for growth. EMDR treatment provides an innovative and revolutionary method for addressing the root causes of anxiety that contribute to your symptoms. EMDR treatment seeks to achieve enduring relief and emotional healing by processing painful memories and retraining negative beliefs.

In this article, we will thoroughly examine EMDR therapy, examining its origins, the scientific principles underlying it, and its efficacy in addressing anxiety. If you are contemplating EMDR therapy for yourself or someone you care about, this article will provide you with the necessary facts to make a well-informed decision and commence the process of healing.

What is EMDR Therapy

EMDR therapy, an acronym for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, is a form of psychotherapy that aims to alleviate the distress caused by traumatic experiences. The technique was established by psychologist Francine Shapiroduring the 1980s, following her observation that horizontal eye movements alleviated the distress associated with negative memories. EMDR therapy seeks to facilitate the retrieval and integration of distressing memories in order to promote the development of effective coping strategies. EMDR therapy helps alleviate mental health difficulties by restructuring negative thoughts and decreasing physiological arousal.

The Science Behind EMDR Therapy

The efficacy of EMDR therapy is rooted in its influence on the neurological system, detrimental beliefs, and emotional encounters. Traumatic and anxiety-inducing memories and experiences have the potential to become entrenched in the brain, resulting in their persistence. EMDR therapy facilitates the release of persistent memories and reprocesses them in a manner that diminishes their emotional impact.

EMDR therapy sessions involve the use of bilateral stimulation to engage both hemispheres of the brain. Stimulation can be experienced through different means, including eye movements, aural stimuli, or tactile sensations. Bilateral stimulation facilitates the activation of the brain’s own healing mechanisms and enables the reprocessing of painful memories. By engaging in this process of reprocessing, it is possible to substitute negative beliefs linked to the trauma with more positive and adaptable beliefs. This, in turn, can result in a decrease in symptoms of anxiety.

What can EMDR Treat?

EMDR therapy has effectively treated a wide range of problems. It is commonly employed to address traumatic circumstances, including as past events, that continue to impact an individual’s mental health and overall well-being. Individuals suffering from persistent pain may also get relief with EMDR therapy, as it alleviates the psychological distress caused by continuous physical discomfort.

Furthermore, empirical evidence has shown that EMDR therapy is highly effective in the management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This debilitating condition, often triggered by traumatic experiences, can lead to intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, and intense anxiety. EMDR therapy targets the root traumatic memories to eliminate or reduce the distressing symptoms associated with PTSD.

Moreover, EMDR therapy has shown promise in addressing addiction. Often, addiction arises as a result of trauma, and EMDR therapy assists in the assimilation of traumatic experiences.

An essential aspect of the process involves recognizing and resolving the emotional triggers that fuel addicted behaviors. Addressing these fundamental traumas enables patients to achieve enhanced stability and decrease the probability of experiencing a relapse.

How Many Sessions Does EDMR Take?

EMDR therapy generally involves a methodical technique that encompasses multiple stages of treatment. The number of sessions needed may vary based on the individual’s specific requirements and the intensity of their symptoms. Typically, the duration of EMDR treatment can vary from 6 to 12 sessions, although individuals with complicated or long-standing issues may need additional sessions.

The initial sessions prioritize the establishment of a therapeutic relationship, collecting comprehensive information about the individual’s past experiences, and selecting specific memories to be addressed and processed. Following sessions incorporate bilateral stimulation techniques, such as eye movements or tactile stimulation, to aid in the reprocessing of traumatic memories along with associated beliefs.

How EMDR Therapy Differs From Traditional Anxiety Treatments

EMDR therapy provides a distinctive and efficient method for addressing anxiety that distinguishes it from conventional anxiety therapies. While conventional therapies typically prioritize symptom control via medication or talk therapy, EMDR therapy delves into the underlying reasons of anxiety.

EMDR therapy can provide considerable gains in a relatively short time, unlike standard treatments that may require months or even years to obtain similar outcomes. EMDR therapy seeks to address the root causes of anxiety by specifically addressing and reprocessing traumatic memories. This method has the potential to result in long-term transformations and a decrease in symptoms of anxiety, enabling patients to reclaim mastery over their life.

In addition, EMDR therapy is a holistic treatment technique that considers the interdependence of the mind, body, and emotions. EMDR treatment offers a thorough and effective approach to reducing anxiety and promoting overall well-being by addressing the emotional impact of traumatic experiences and reprogramming harmful beliefs.

The Phases of EMDR Therapy for Anxiety

EMDR therapy for anxiety involves a series of discrete phases that collaborate to facilitate recovery and alleviate symptoms. Every stage of EMDR therapy has a distinct objective and builds upon the preceding stage, resulting in a comprehensive and organized treatment method.

The stages of EMDR therapy include of history gathering and preparation, evaluation and desensitization, installation and body scan, and closure and reevaluation. These stages provide individuals with a framework for navigating the process of confronting and reevaluating painful experiences, altering pessimistic views, and attaining emotional restoration. EMDR therapy sessions often adhere to a methodical approach, progressing through distinct phases, with each session building upon the advancements achieved in the previous sessions. previous sessions.

Phase 1 & 2: History Taking and Preparation

The first phase of EMDR therapy involves taking a comprehensive history and engaging in preparatory measures. During this stage, the therapist collects data regarding the individual’s personal background, including any distressing occurrences or incidents that might be influencing their anxiety. In order to ensure that the patient feels secure and supported during therapy, the therapist will take the time to build a safe and trustworthy therapeutic connection.

Furthermore, the preparatory phase of EMDR treatment emphasizes providing the individual with coping skills and ways to effectively handle any emotional disturbances that may occur in the following phases of the therapy. These skills encompass practices such as controlled breathing exercises, grounding techniques, and relaxation procedures. By furnishing these instruments, the therapist assists the individual in feeling better equipped and empowered to participate in the therapeutic procedure.

Phase 3 & 4: Assessment and Desensitization

During the assessment phase of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, the therapist instructs the subject to remember particular memories or situations that are connected to their fear. By utilizing deliberate cues, the therapist assists the person in retrieving and stimulating these memories, enabling efficient processing and reduction of sensitivity.

The desensitization phase involves the individual deliberately recalling the traumatic memory while simultaneously receiving bilateral stimulation, such as eye movements or tactile sensations. This form of bilateral stimulation serves to stimulate both hemispheres of the brain, so helping the reprocessing of the traumatic memory. As the memory undergoes processing, the person eventually experiences a decrease in emotional distress and an enhanced sense of tranquility and resolve.

During the desensitization phase, the therapist may employ a subjective unit of disturbance (SUD) scale to quantify the individual’s level of distress experienced during the processing. This scale enables both the therapist and the individual to measure their development and evaluate the efficacy of the EMDR therapy sessions.

Phase 5 & 6: Installation and Body Scan

During the installation phase, the primary objective is to reinforce positive ideas and substitute negative beliefs linked to the traumatic memories. The therapist assists the individual in cultivating a more adaptable and positive belief system through the use of bilateral stimulation and guided imagery. This procedure improves an individual’s perception of their ability to achieve goals and their ability to bounce back from anxiety triggers.

During the body scan phase, the therapist helps the individual focus on any remaining tension or discomfort in their body while they remember the traumatic incident. If the individual experiences any bodily sensations or negative emotions, the therapist assists in identifying and reprocessing these sensations. The body scan phase enhances the individual’s healing process and fosters a sense of wholeness and well-being by acknowledging the connection between the mind and body.

Phase 7 & 8: Closure and Reevaluation

The closure and reevaluation phases of EMDR therapy guarantees that every session concludes with a positive outcome, leaving the individual with a greater sense of stability and grounding compared to their initial state at the beginning of the session. The therapist facilitates the patient in engaging in calming techniques and ensures that any unresolved material is kept within bounds until the next session.

During the reassessment phase, the therapist evaluates the patient’s progress and gauges the efficacy of the EMDR therapy in addressing their anxiety. This stage facilitates introspection for both the therapist and the individual, enabling them to evaluate the progress made thus far, modify the treatment plan as needed, and establish objectives for upcoming sessions. The reevaluation step guarantees that the therapy maintains its focus, efficacy, and customization to meet the individual’s specific needs.

The Role of Bilateral Stimulation in EMDR

Bilateral stimulation is an essential component of EMDR therapy and has an important role in facilitating the reprocessing of traumatic memories. Bilateral stimulation refers to the process of simultaneously engaging both hemispheres of the brain via different techniques, such as eye movements, auditory stimuli, or tactile sensations.

Ocular motion Bilateral stimulation refers to the act of an individual tracking the movement of the therapist’s finger or a moving light from one side to the other. The alternating left-right pattern facilitates the activation of the brain’s innate healing mechanisms and facilitates the reprocessing of distressing memories.

When someone receives auditory bilateral stimulation, they are required to focus their attention on noises that shift between their left and right sides of the head. The audio stimulus, when paired with the recollection of the traumatic memory, improves the processing and integration of the memory.

Bilateral stimulation, in its several manifestations, facilitates the synchronization of brain activity and fosters the adaptive reprocessing of traumatic memories, resulting in a decrease in symptoms of anxiety and emotional discomfort.

The Mechanism of Bilateral Stimulation

Bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy works by affecting the neural system and cognitive processes. Bilateral stimulation stimulates both hemispheres of the brain, facilitating improved communication and assimilation of information.

Bilateral stimulation facilitates the synchronization of neural activity and promotes cognitive transformations by engaging both hemispheres of the brain. These cognitive changes enable the reprocessing of traumatic memories and the formation of new, adaptive brain connections.

Moreover, bilateral stimulation triggers the parasympathetic nervous system, which is accountable for inducing a state of rest and relaxation. This activation counteracts the physiological arousal linked to worry and stress, fostering a feeling of tranquility and overall wellness.

The convergence of these factors enables the flexible reprocessing of distressing experiences and fosters emotional recovery and fortitude.

Bilateral stimulation at home

At-home bilateral stimulation techniques can be used to supplement EMDR therapy sessions. An effective technique involves employing bilateral music or soundtracks that alternate between the left and right ears. This can be achieved by using either headphones or speakers to replicate a comparable aural encounter to that in a treatment environment.

Another way to participate in bilateral stimulation at home is by doing basic eye movements. One way to engage in this process is by tracking a mobile object with your eyes or employing precise eye movement patterns when recollecting the distressing experience. These self-administered approaches can facilitate the processing of challenging memories outside of therapy sessions.

Tools and Techniques: From Tappers to Eye Movements

EMDR therapy utilizes various tools and techniques to facilitate bilateral stimulation and support the reprocessing of traumatic memories. These tools and techniques can be customized to meet the individual’s needs and preferences. Some common EMDR tools and techniques include:

• EMDR tappers: These are therapy devices that provide bilateral stimulation through tactile and audio sensations. The therapist can adjust the intensity and pattern of the tappers based on the individual’s needs and responses.
• Eye movements: Eye movements involve the individual following the therapist’s finger or a moving light from side to side. This rhythmic left-right pattern promotes bilateral stimulation and enhances the reprocessing of traumatic memories.
• Auditory stimulation: Auditory stimuli, such as alternating sounds or tones, can provide bilateral stimulation during EMDR therapy sessions. The individual pays close attention to the sounds, which alternate between the left and right side of their head.

These tools and techniques are designed to engage the brain’s natural healing processes, promote the reprocessing of traumatic memories, and facilitate emotional healing.

How to Prepare for EDMR

Prior to undergoing EMDR therapy, it is important to establish a safe and secure environment that allows for full participation in the treatment. Establishing a reliable rapport with your therapist and expressing any apprehensions or goals you have for the treatment sessions is crucial.

Prior to commencing EMDR therapy, it is advantageous to engage in relaxation exercises as a means of effectively managing any potential anxiety or distress that may occur during the processing of traumatic memories. It is beneficial to have adequate support networks, such as friends, family, or other mental health specialists, in order to ensure your well-being.

EMDR Therapy Sessions Explained

EMDR therapy sessions adhere to a methodical and organized methodology to guarantee the efficacy of anxiety treatment. Every session generally consists of the following components:

• Check-in and preparation: The therapist and individual begin the session by discussing any updates or concerns and preparing for the therapeutic work ahead.
• Target identification: The individual identifies a specific memory or event related to their anxiety that they would like to target in the session.
• Processing and reprocessing: The therapist guides the individual through the phases of EMDR therapy, including desensitization, installation, and body scan. Bilateral stimulation is used to facilitate the reprocessing of the targeted memory.
• Closure and grounding: The session concludes with exercises to help the individual feel grounded and stable. The therapist ensures that any unresolved material is contained until the next session.

What to Expect During Your First Session

During your first EMDR therapy session, you can expect to establish a therapeutic relationship with your therapist and lay the foundation for the treatment process. Here’s what to expect:

• Introduction and paperwork: Your therapist will introduce themselves and provide any necessary paperwork for you to complete. This may include consent forms, intake questionnaires, and confidentiality agreements.
• Discussion of goals and concerns: You will have the opportunity to discuss your goals for therapy and any specific concerns or anxieties you may have. This conversation helps to establish a collaborative and trusting relationship between you and your therapist.
• Explanation of EMDR therapy: Your therapist will explain the principles and process of EMDR therapy, ensuring that you have a clear understanding of how it works and what to expect in future sessions.
• Building rapport and trust: Your therapist will take the time to get to know you and build a rapport with you. They will create a safe and supportive environment where you can feel comfortable sharing your experiences and emotions.

The first session is an important step in your EMDR therapy journey, laying the groundwork for the transformative work ahead.

The Journey Through EMDR Therapy Sessions

EMDR therapy is a journey of healing and growth, with each session building upon the progress made in previous sessions. As you engage in the therapeutic process, you may experience a range of emotions and sensations. Here are some key aspects of the journey through EMDR therapy sessions:

• Progress and transformation: With each session, you will gradually notice changes in your emotional well-being and resilience. The reprocessing of traumatic memories and negative beliefs leads to a reduction in emotional distress and an increased sense of empowerment.
• Emotional release: EMDR therapy may bring up intense emotions as you delve into the traumatic memories and associated beliefs. This emotional release is a normal part of the healing process and allows for the integration and resolution of past experiences.
• Support and guidance: Your therapist will provide support and guidance throughout your EMDR therapy journey. They will help you navigate the challenges and difficult emotions that may arise, ensuring that you feel safe and supported every step of the way.

The journey through EMDR therapy is a transformative process that that enables you to heal and develop, ultimately leading to liberation from anxiety and the restoration of control over your life.

Efficacy of EMDR Therapy in Treating Anxiety

The efficacy of EMDR therapy in treating anxiety has been well-documented through research studies and clinical evidence. Numerous studies have shown that EMDR therapy can significantly reduce anxiety symptoms and improve overall well-being. Here are some important points to consider regarding the efficacy of EMDR therapy:

• Research studies: Multiple research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of EMDR therapy in treating anxiety disorders, including PTSD, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder.
• Clinical success: Many individuals who have undergone EMDR therapy report substantial reductions in anxiety symptoms and improved quality of life. EMDR therapy has been widely recognized for its ability to bring about lasting relief from anxiety.
• Positive outcomes: Success stories and case studies further support the efficacy of EMDR therapy in treating anxiety. These stories highlight the transformative impact of EMDR therapy on individuals’ lives and their journey towards emotional healing and resilience.

The Evidence Behind EMDR

EMDR therapy is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence and research studies in the mental health field. These studies have consistently shown the effectiveness of EMDR therapy in treating anxiety and other mental health conditions. Here are some key points regarding the evidence behind EMDR:

• Randomized controlled trials: Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of EMDR therapy in reducing anxiety symptoms, improving overall well-being, and promoting emotional healing.
• Meta-analyses: Meta-analyses, which analyze the results of multiple studies, have consistently shown that EMDR therapy is an effective treatment option for anxiety disorders. These analyses provide robust evidence of the positive impact of EMDR therapy.
• Professional endorsements: EMDR therapy has been endorsed by professional organizations, such as the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization, as a valid and evidence-based treatment for anxiety and trauma-related disorders.

The evidence behind EMDR therapy provides a strong foundation for its effectiveness in treating anxiety and offers assurance to individuals seeking relief from their symptoms.

Comparing EMDR to Other Anxiety Treatment Methods

When considering anxiety treatment methods, it’s important to understand how EMDR therapy differs from other approaches. Here are some advantages of EMDR therapy compared to other anxiety treatment methods:

• Efficient and targeted: EMDR therapy focuses on directly addressing traumatic memories and reprocessing them, leading to more efficient and targeted treatment outcomes compared to traditional talk therapy or medication-based approaches.
• Holistic approach: EMDR therapy takes a holistic approach by considering the interconnectedness of mind, body, and emotions. It addresses the underlying traumatic experiences and negative beliefs that contribute to anxiety, promoting overall well-being.
• Lasting results: EMDR therapy aims to bring about lasting changes by reprogramming negative beliefs and reducing emotional distress. The transformative impact of EMDR therapy can lead to long-term relief from anxiety symptoms.

By recognizing the advantages of EMDR therapy, individuals can make informed decisions about their treatment options and choose a method that best suits their needs.

Preparing for EMDR Therapy

Preparing for EMDR therapy involves understanding what to expect and ensuring that you are ready for the therapeutic process. Here are some considerations for preparing for EMDR therapy:

• Educate yourself: Learn about the principles and process of EMDR therapy to familiarize yourself with the treatment approach and set realistic expectations.
• Establish readiness: Reflect on your readiness to engage in the therapeutic process and address any concerns or anxieties you may have. Ensure that you have the necessary support system and resources in place to facilitate your healing journey.
• Trust the process: Trust in the therapeutic process and the guidance of your EMDR therapist. Recognize that healing takes time and that progress may come in waves. Embrace the journey and be open to the transformative effects of EMDR therapy.

By preparing yourself mentally, emotionally, and practically, you can optimize your experience with EMDR therapy and maximize the potential benefits for your anxiety treatment.

How to Find a Qualified EMDR Therapist

Finding a qualified EMDR therapist is crucial for ensuring safe and effective treatment for your anxiety. Here are some steps to help you find a qualified EMDR therapist:

• Research credentials: Look for therapists who are trained and certified in EMDR therapy. The EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) provides a directory of certified EMDR therapists who have completed the necessary training and adhere to EMDRIA’s ethical guidelines.
• Read reviews and testimonials: Look for reviews and testimonials from previous clients to gain insights into the therapist’s approach, effectiveness, and client satisfaction.
• Schedule a consultation: Reach out to potential therapists and schedule a consultation to discuss your needs, ask questions, and assess the therapist’s expertise and compatibility with your goals.

Finding a trained EMDR therapist is an important first step in receiving excellent support and getting the most out of this treatment for anxiety. Dr. Colette Brooks, a licensed EMDR Therapist at Pathways Family and Community Services, is popularly known as Dr. Lettie. She is a highly skilled and empathetic therapist who is committed to assisting people and couples in overcoming the consequences of trauma. She uShe helps her customers find healing, happiness, and personal development since she deeply understands the value of changing one’s perspective.

Pre-therapy Assessment and Consultation

Before starting EMDR therapy, you will likely undergo a pre-therapy assessment and initial consultation with your therapist. Here’s what you can expect during this process:

• Comprehensive assessment: The therapist will conduct a comprehensive assessment of your mental health history, including any traumatic experiences or anxiety symptoms. This assessment helps the therapist understand your unique needs and tailor the treatment plan accordingly.
• Establishing goals: Together with your therapist, you will discuss your goals for therapy and identify the specific memories or events you would like to target during EMDR therapy. This process ensures that the therapy is focused and aligned with your treatment objectives.
• Treatment plan: Based on the assessment and goal-setting, your therapist will develop a treatment plan that outlines the phases and duration of EMDR therapy. This plan provides a roadmap for your therapy journey and guides the therapeutic work.

The pre-therapy assessment and consultation lay the foundation for your EMDR therapy experience, ensuring that the treatment is personalized and tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion

EMDR treatment is an effective method to treat anxiety. You can start the mending process by learning about its stages, how it works, and how well it works. The power of bilateral stimulation and customized sessions can help people let go of deep mental blocks. Based on proof,  EMDR is one of the best ways to treat anxiety. Remember that everyone’s path with mental health is different, and getting help is very important. If you or a loved one is considering EMDR therapy, take the step towards healing with compassion and trust in the process.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Long Does It Take to See Results with EMDR Therapy?

The timeframe for seeing results with EMDR therapy can vary depending on individual circumstances and the complexity of the trauma being addressed. Some individuals may experience noticeable improvements within a few sessions, while others may require more time to achieve desired outcomes. It is important to maintain realistic expectations and trust in the therapeutic process.

Can EMDR Therapy Be Done Online?

Yes, EMDR therapy can be done online through virtual sessions, making it accessible to individuals who may not have access to in-person therapy or prefer the convenience of teletherapy. Online EMDR therapy sessions offer the same benefits and effectiveness as in-person sessions when conducted by a qualified and experienced therapist.

How to Support Someone Undergoing EMDR Therapy?

Supporting someone undergoing EMDR therapy involves providing a safe and non-judgmental space for them to share their experiences and emotions. Offer empathy, active listening, and validation. Respect their boundaries and be patient with their healing process. Encourage self-care and remind them of their strengths and resilience.

How Do These Experiences Become Stuck?

Experiences can become stuck due to the emotional intensity associated with traumatic memories. The negative emotions and patterns associated with these experiences get stored in the memory network, leading to distress and the perpetuation of negative patterns. EMDR therapy aims to reprocess these memories and promote adaptive healing.

What Are the Side Effects of EDMR?

While EMDR therapy is generally considered safe and effective, some individuals may experience temporary side effects such as heightened emotions, vivid dreams, or physical sensations during or after sessions. These side effects typically subside as the individual processes and integrates the reprocessed memories. It is important for individuals undergoing EMDR therapy to communicate any concerns or experiences with their therapist for appropriate support and guidance.

Additional Resources

https://www.emdr.com/what-is-emdr/ – The EMDR Institute, the official source for information about EMDR Therapy. Gain an in-depth understanding of the therapy and its theoretical foundations.

https://anxietyreleaseapp.com/what-is-bilateral-stimulation/ – Explore the different forms of bilateral stimulation used in EMDR Therapy, including eye movements, tapping, and auditory techniques.

https://www.healthline.com/health/emdr-therapy – Get a general overview of EMDR Therapy from Healthline, a trusted source of health information.

https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand_tx/emdr.asp – Learn about EMDR Therapy from the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, with a specific focus on how it is used to treat PTSD.

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/emdr-trauma/399650/ – Read a case study published in The Atlantic that highlights the potential effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2023/07/14/emdr-trauma-anxiety-depression-ptsd-treatment/ – Discover the latest information on EMDR Therapy, including how it’s being used to treat a broader range of conditions, in this article from the Washington Post.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=845Jj3Fuo7I – Watch this video to visualize what a typical EMDR session may look like and understand the role of the therapist during the process.

https://emdartnscience.com/emdr-technology -Explore the different technology options available for EMDR practitioners, including lightbars, tappers, and virtual tools.